Legend

Absolute monarchism holds that sovereignty is indivisible and vested in a single ruler who is answerable to God and natural law but to no earthly institution — no assembly, court, …

Anarcho-capitalism holds that every service conventionally supplied by the state — including law, policing, courts, and defence — can and should be supplied competitively on the …

Anarcho-communism seeks the simultaneous abolition of the state, private property, and wage labour, replacing them with federations of free communes operating on the principle …

Anarcho-syndicalism holds that revolutionary industrial unions are at once the weapon that overthrows capitalism and the structure that replaces it: the union is the embryo of the …

Burkean conservatism treats society as an organic partnership between the dead, the living, and the unborn: institutions carry the accumulated practical wisdom of many generations, …

Christian democracy applies Catholic social teaching to modern politics, accepting democracy and the market while rejecting both liberal individualism and socialist collectivism in …

Christian socialism holds that the ethical demands of the Gospel require a cooperative and egalitarian economic order, and that competitive capitalism is incompatible with the …

Civic nationalism defines the nation by shared institutions, law, and political commitment rather than by ancestry or blood: anyone who embraces the constitutional order and its …

Classical liberalism holds that individuals possess natural rights prior to government — chiefly life, liberty, and property — and that legitimate political authority exists only …

Confucian political thought grounds legitimate rule in the moral cultivation of the ruler and the maintenance of proper relationships — ruler and subject, parent and child, elder …

Council communism holds that the workers' council arising directly in the workplace — not the party, the union, or parliament — is the proper organ of both revolution and …

Deep ecology holds that the non-human world has intrinsic value independent of any use to humans, and that a just politics must be reordered around the flourishing of the whole …

Degrowth argues that indefinite economic growth is both ecologically impossible on a finite planet and a poor proxy for well-being, and calls for a planned, democratic reduction of …

Democratic socialism seeks social ownership of the commanding heights of the economy through democratic and constitutional means, holding that socialism without political democracy …

Eco-socialism holds that the ecological crisis and social exploitation share a single root — an economy compelled to accumulate and grow without limit — and that neither can be …

Ethnic nationalism defines the nation as a community of descent, language, and inherited culture, holding that political boundaries should coincide with these pre-existing peoples …

Falangism is the Spanish variant of the fascist family, fusing authoritarian nationalism with national-syndicalist economics and a strongly Catholic conception of Spanish identity …

Fascism subordinates the individual entirely to a mythicized nation embodied in a single leader and party, glorifying struggle, hierarchy, and violence as regenerative forces. It …

Gandhian thought centres on satyagraha — the disciplined pursuit of truth through active, self-suffering nonviolence — and swaraj, self-rule understood at once as national …

Georgism holds that people rightfully own what they produce through their own labour, but that the value of land — which no one produced — belongs to the whole community. Its …

Green politics makes ecological sustainability the organizing test of all policy, joined to grassroots democracy, social justice, and nonviolence — the four pillars of the founding …

Hindutva ('Hindu-ness') holds that Indian nationhood is founded on a shared Hindu civilization, and that those whose sacred geography and cultural origins lie within the …

Indigenous sovereignty holds that Indigenous peoples are prior and continuing nations with an inherent right to self-determination, grounded in relationships to specific lands that …

Individualist anarchism rejects the state and all claims of collective authority over the person, but — unlike its communist cousins — keeps a place for individual possession, …

Integralism holds that political authority must be ordered to humanity's supernatural end — salvation — and therefore that the state ought to recognize the true religion and stand …

Left-libertarianism accepts full self-ownership but denies that natural resources may be appropriated unilaterally. The earth's raw material — land, minerals, the atmosphere — is …

Chinese Legalism holds that social order depends not on the ruler's virtue — as the Confucians claimed — but on clear, public, impartially enforced law backed by reliable reward …

Liberal feminism applies liberal principles consistently, insisting that women are persons in the full sense the tradition already claimed for 'men,' and that law, education, and …

Liberation theology reads Christianity from the standpoint of the poor, holding that salvation includes liberation from the social and economic structures that produce poverty, and …

Right-libertarianism treats self-ownership and the non-aggression principle as near-absolute constraints: each person fully owns themselves and whatever they justly acquire, and no …

Maoism adapts Marxism-Leninism to a largely agrarian society by treating the peasantry, not the small industrial proletariat, as the principal revolutionary force, and by …

Market socialism proposes social ownership of capital combined with the market as the mechanism of allocation: firms are owned by their workers or by the public but still compete, …

Marxism analyses society through historical materialism: the claim that a society's economic base — who owns the means of production and how — shapes its politics, law, and …

Marxism-Leninism holds that a disciplined vanguard party must lead the working class in seizing state power, abolish private ownership of the means of production, and direct …

Mutualism proposes a society of independent producers and worker associations exchanging goods at their cost in labour through reciprocal contract and free credit, without …

National conservatism holds that the independent nation-state, bound by a particular religious and cultural inheritance, is the proper unit of political life, and that …

National Socialism added a biological racial doctrine to the fascist template. The nation was redefined as a racial community (Volksgemeinschaft), history was cast as an eternal …

Neoconservatism combines acceptance of the market economy and a limited welfare state at home with an assertive, values-driven foreign policy abroad, holding that liberal democracy …

Neoliberalism holds that competitive markets and the price system are the most reliable means of coordinating a complex society, and that political attempts to direct economic …

One-nation conservatism holds that a country divided into 'two nations' of rich and poor cannot endure, and that those with wealth and standing owe real obligations — noblesse …

Ordoliberalism holds that markets do not arise spontaneously and cannot police themselves: competition is a fragile public good that a strong state must deliberately construct and …

Paleoconservatism combines traditionalist cultural commitments with non-interventionism abroad, restriction of immigration, and deep scepticism of global markets and supranational …

Pan-Africanism holds that people of African descent across the continent and the diaspora share a common political destiny, and that liberation requires solidarity and unity across …

Political Islamism holds that Islam is a complete system (din wa dawla, religion and state) governing public as well as private life, and that a legitimate political order should …

Social democracy accepts markets and parliamentary democracy while insisting the state must decommodify the essentials — health, education, security in old age — and bargain …

Social liberalism holds that formal liberty is worth little without the material and social conditions to exercise it. Poverty, ignorance, and ill health are treated as constraints …

Syndicalism holds that the union, not the party, is the vehicle of working-class emancipation, and that the general strike — not the ballot box or the armed insurrection — is the …

Traditionalist conservatism holds that a moral order exists independently of human preference, that custom, convention, and religion are how a society transmits knowledge of it, …

Trotskyism accepts the Leninist theory of the vanguard party and revolution but rejects the claim that socialism can be built in a single country. Revolution must be permanent and …

Ubuntu holds that a person becomes a person through other persons — 'I am because we are' — so that individual identity, dignity, and even rationality are constituted by …