Social & Identity
Racism, sexism, homophobia, and misogyny as system outputs. How identity-based inequality is produced and maintained — not as personal prejudice, but as structural feature.
Claims in this domain
55
Individual
Structural
Affirmative action is reverse discrimination against more qualified applicants
Race-conscious admissions did produce measurable preferences for underrepresented minority applicants relative to test scores alone — but 'more qualified' obscures the real …
28
50
Individual
Structural
Cultural assimilation is the key to immigrant economic success
Language acquisition predicts earnings gains, but cultural assimilation broadly construed does not. Selective assimilation — maintaining ethnic social capital while acquiring …
30
74
Individual
Structural
Immigration enforcement destabilizes communities in ways that reduce economic security
Mass enforcement operations demonstrably reduce school enrollment, healthcare utilization, labor force participation, and local consumer spending — measurable economic harms that …
84
45
Individual
Structural
Immigration suppresses wages for native-born workers
The wage-suppression claim has genuine empirical support in a narrow band: high school dropouts face modest wage competition from low-skilled immigrant labor, and the Borjas …
55
40
Individual
Structural
Implicit bias training is ineffective and does not reduce discrimination
The evidence that implicit bias training changes measured attitudes is reasonably strong; the evidence that it changes discriminatory behavior is weak. Structural interventions — …
84
78
Individual
Structural
LGBTQ+ discrimination structurally affects economic outcomes
Audit studies, natural experiments from legal-protection expansions, and cross-national comparisons consistently show that LGBTQ+ individuals face measurable economic penalties in …
94
58
Individual
Structural
Microaggressions are too minor to cause real harm
The evidence that chronic exposure to low-level discrimination produces measurable physiological and psychological harm is real and growing, but the microaggression research …
26
87
Individual
Structural
Name-based discrimination in hiring is a documented structural barrier
Audit studies conducted over three decades consistently find that Black-sounding names receive 30–50% fewer callbacks than identical white-sounding résumés. A 2017 meta-analysis of …
96
91
Individual
Structural
Racism is a historical problem, not a current one
Audit studies using identical resumes with racially distinct names consistently find discrimination in hiring, housing, and lending. The NCRC's redlining mapping shows 1937 HOLC …
9
78
Individual
Structural
The gender gap in STEM reflects natural differences in interests and abilities
The claim fails on its most basic prediction: if the gap were natural, it would be universal. It is not. Women earned the majority of CS degrees in many Eastern European countries …
18
78
Individual
Structural
The gender pay gap is a myth
The claim has a real methodological point: the gap does narrow substantially when controlling for occupation and hours. But this is where the claim stops, and the evidence goes …
29
82
Individual
Structural
The maternal wall structurally reduces women's lifetime earnings
The child penalty is one of the most robustly documented phenomena in labor economics. Kleven et al. find that in the US, women lose roughly 30% of their pre-birth earnings …
94
74
Individual
Structural
The model minority myth obscures structural barriers and is weaponized against other minorities
Asian American median income masks a bimodal distribution concealing extreme poverty among Hmong, Cambodian, and Laotian Americans. The stereotype is a post-1965 immigration …
93
90
Individual
Structural
The racial wealth gap is a structural product of policy history, not individual behavior
The Black/white median wealth gap is $171,200 (Fed SCF 2022). Cross-national comparisons, natural experiments in GI Bill exclusion, and century-long policy documentation confirm …
93